Tramadol

Các tên gọi khác (2) :

(+)-Tramadol
(+)-trans-2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(m-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

Thuốc giảm đau, hạ sốt, chống viêm không steroid, điều trị Gút và các bệnh xương khớp

Thuốc Gốc

Small Molecule

CAS: 27203-92-5

ATC: N02AX02

ĐG : 4uOrtho LLC , http://www.4udr.com

CTHH: C₁₆H₂₅NO₂

PTK: 263.3752

A narcotic analgesic proposed for moderate to severe pain. It may be habituating. [PubChem] Tramadol is also prepared as a variable release capsules, marketed under the brand name ConZip. For example, a 150 mg capsule will contain 37.5 mg of the immediate release form and 112.5 mg of the extended release form.

Nhận Dạng Quốc Tế & Đặc Tính Hóa Học

Công thức hóa học

C₁₆H₂₅NO₂

Phân tử khối

263.3752

Monoisotopic mass

263.188529049

InChI

InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1

InChI Key

InChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N

IUPAC Name

(1R,2R)-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

Traditional IUPAC Name

tramadol

SMILES

COC1=CC=CC(=C1)[C@@]1(O)CCCC[C@@H]1CN(C)C

Độ tan chảy

180-181 °C

Độ hòa tan

Soluble

logP

2.4

logS

-2.5

pKa (strongest acidic)

13.8

pKa (Strongest Basic)

9.23

PSA

32.7 Å²

Refractivity

78.27 m³·mol^-1

Polarizability

30.45 Å³

Rotatable Bond Count

H Bond Acceptor Count

H Bond Donor Count

Physiological Charge

Number of Rings

Bioavailability

Rule of Five

true

Ghose Filter

true

pKa

9.41

Dược Lực Học : Tramadol, a centrally-acting analgesic, exists as a racemic mixture of the trans isomer, with important differences in binding, activity, and metabolism associated with the two enantiomers. Although its mode of action is not completely understood, from animal tests, at least two complementary mechanisms appear applicable: binding of parent and M1 metabolite to μ-opioid receptors and weak inhibition of reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Opioid activity is due to both low affinity binding of the parent compound and higher affinity binding of the O-demethylated metabolite M1 to μ-opioid receptors. In animal models, M1 is up to 6 times more potent than tramadol in producing analgesia and 200 times more potent in μ-opioid binding. Opiate antagonist naloxone only partially antagonized tramadol-induced analgesia.

Cơ Chế Tác Dụng : A narcotic analgesic proposed for moderate to severe pain. It may be habituating. [PubChem] Tramadol is also prepared as a variable release capsules, marketed under the brand name ConZip. For example, a 150 mg capsule will contain 37.5 mg of the immediate release form and 112.5 mg of the extended release form. Tramadol and its O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) are selective, weak OP3-receptor agonists. Opiate receptors are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline is inhibited. The analgesic properties of Tramadol can be attributed to norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake blockade in the CNS, which inhibits pain transmission in the spinal cord. The (+) enantiomer has higher affinity for the OP3 receptor and preferentially inhibits serotonin uptake and enhances serotonin release. The (-) enantiomer preferentially inhibits norepinephrine reuptake by stimulating alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors.

Dược Động Học :

▧ Absorption :
Racemic tramadol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration. The mean absolute bioavailability of a 100 mg oral dose is approximately 75%. The mean peak plasma concentration of racemic tramadol and M1 occurs at two and three hours, respectively, after administration in healthy adults.
▧ Volume of Distribution :
* 2.6 L/kg [male, 100 mg intravenous dose] * 2.9 L/kg [female, 100 mg intravenous dose]
▧ Protein binding :
20% bound to plasma proteins.
▧ Metabolism :
Hepatic. The major metabolic pathways appear to be N- and O- demethylation and glucuronidation or sulfation in the liver. One metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol, denoted M1) is pharmacologically active in animal models. CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 facilitates the biotransformation of tramadol to N-desmethyl-tramadol. CYP2D6 facilitates the biotransformation of tramadol to O-desmethyl-tramadol.
▧ Route of Elimination :
Tramadol is eliminated primarily through metabolism by the liver and the metabolites are excreted primarily by the kidneys. Approximately 30% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug, whereas 60% of the dose is excreted as metabolites.
▧ Half Life :
Tramadol and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine with observed plasma half-lives of 6.3 and 7.4 hours for tramadol and M1, respectively.
▧ Clearance :
* 5.9 mL/min/Kg [Healthy Adults, 100 mg qid, MD p.o] * 8.5 mL/min/Kg [Healthy Adults, 100 mg SD p.o] * 6.89 mL/min/Kg [Geriatric, (<75 yr), 50 mg SD p.o.] * 4.23 mL/min/Kg [Hepatic Impaired, 50 mg SD p.o.] * 4.23 mL/min/Kg [Renal Impaired, Clcr10-3mL/min, 100 mg SD i.v.] * 3.73 mL/min/Kg [Renal Impaired, CLcr<5 mL/min, 100 mg SD i.v.] * 6.4 mL/min/Kg [Male following a 100 mg IV dose] * 5.7 mL/min/Kg [Female following a 100 mg IV dose]

Độc Tính : LD₅₀=350mg/kg (orally in mice)

Chỉ Định : Indicated in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Consider for those prone to constipation or respiratory depression. Tramadol is used to treat postoperative, dental, cancer, and acute musculosketetal pain and as an adjuvant to NSAID therapy in patients with osteoarthritis.

Tương Tác Thuốc :

Almotriptan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Alvimopan Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Amiodarone Amiodarone may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Amiodarone may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Amitriptyline Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Amoxapine Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Amprenavir Amprenavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Aprepitant Aprepitant may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Atazanavir Atazanavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Benzphetamine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Bosentan Bosentan may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Bromocriptine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Cabergoline Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Carbamazepine Carbamazepine may decrease the effect of tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Chloroquine Chloroquine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Cimetidine Cimetidine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Cimetidine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Cinacalcet Cinacalcet may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Citalopram The use of two serotonin modulators, such as citalopram and tramadol, may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for serotonin syndrome during concomitant therapy.
Clarithromycin Clarithromycin may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Clomipramine Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures. Clomipramine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Clotrimazole Clotrimazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Clozapine Clozapine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Cocaine Cocaine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Conivaptan Conivaptan may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Cyclobenzaprine Increases risk of seizure.
Cyclosporine Cyclosporine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Darifenacin Darifenacin may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Darunavir Darunavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Delavirdine Delavirdine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Delavirdine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Desipramine Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures. Desipramine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Desipramine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Desvenlafaxine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Dexamethasone Dexamethasone may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Dextroamphetamine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Dextromethorphan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Dihydroergotamine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Diltiazem Diltiazem may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Doxepin Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Duloxetine Duloxetine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production. Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for Tramadol efficacy and symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Efavirenz Efavirenz may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Eletriptan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Ergoloid mesylate Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Ergonovine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Ergotamine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Erythromycin Erythromycin may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Escitalopram Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Etravirine Tramadol,when used concomitantly with etravirine (a strong CYP3A4 inducer), may experience a decrease in serum concentration and efficacy due to increased tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Fluconazole Fluconazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Fluoxetine The use of two serotonin modulators, such as fluoxetine and tramadol, may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Fluoxetine may decrease the effect of tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Fluvoxamine Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Fosamprenavir Fosamprenavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Fosphenytoin Fosphenytoin may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Frovatriptan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Furazolidone Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, Furazolidone.
Haloperidol Haloperidol may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Haloperidol may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Imatinib Imatinib may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Imatinib may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Imipramine Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures. Imipramine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Indinavir Indinavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Isocarboxazid Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, isocarboxazid.
Isoniazid Isoniazid may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Isoniazid may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Itraconazole Itraconazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Ketoconazole Ketoconazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Ketoconazole may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Lapatinib Lapatinib may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Lidocaine Lidocaine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Lidocaine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Linezolid Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, Linezolid.
Lisdexamfetamine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Lopinavir Lopinavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Lopinavir may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Maprotiline Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Methadone Methadone may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Methamphetamine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Methotrimeprazine Additive CNS depressant effects. Decrease dose of tramadol by 50% if initiating methotrimeprazine therapy. Monitor for increased CNS depression and apply further dosage adjustments as required.
Methylergometrine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Metronidazole Metronidazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Miconazole Miconazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Miconazole may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Mirtazapine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Moclobemide Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, moclobemide.
Nafcillin Nafcillin may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Naratriptan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Nefazodone Nefazodone may increase tramadol toxicity by decreasing tramadol metabolism and clearance. Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for tramadol toxicity and symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Nelfinavir Nelfinavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Nevirapine Nevirapine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Nicardipine Nicardipine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Nicardipine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Nilotinib Nilotinib may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Norfloxacin Norfloxacin may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Nortriptyline Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Paroxetine Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures. Paroxetine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Pentobarbital Pentobarbital may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Pergolide Pergolide may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production. Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for Tramadol efficacy and symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Pethidine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Phendimetrazine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Phenelzine Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, phenelzine.
Phenobarbital Phenobarbital may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Phentermine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Phenytoin Phenytoin may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Pioglitazone Pioglitazone may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Posaconazole Posaconazole may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Primidone Primidone may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Procarbazine Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, Procarbazine.
Promethazine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Protriptyline Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Pyrimethamine Pyrimethamine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Quinidine Quinidine may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Quinidine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Quinine Quinine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Ranolazine Ranolazine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Rasagiline Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, rasagiline.
Rifabutin Rifabutin may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Rifampicin Rifampin may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Rifapentine Rifapentine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Ritonavir Ritonavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Ritonavir may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Rizatriptan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
S-Adenosylmethionine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Saquinavir Saquinavir may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Selegiline Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, Selegiline.
Sertraline Tramadol increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures. Sertraline may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance. Sertraline may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Sibutramine Sibutramine may incrase the serotonergic effect of the Tramadol. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Sitaxentan Sitaxsentan may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
St. John's Wort Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Sumatriptan Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Telithromycin Telithromycin may decrease the metabolism and clearance of tramadol. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of tramadol if telithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Terbinafine Terbinafine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Tetracycline Tetracycline may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Thioridazine Thioridazine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Ticlopidine Ticlopidine may decrease the effect of Tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Tranylcypromine Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizure induction by the MAO inhibitor, tranylcypromine. Tranylcypromine may decrease the effect of tramadol by decreasing active metabolite production.
Trazodone The use of two serotonin modulators, such as trazodone and tramadol, may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Trimipramine Tramadol may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures.
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Tramadol, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Venlafaxine Increased risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Verapamil Verapamil may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
Voriconazole Voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of tramadol by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of tramadol if voriconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Zolmitriptan The use of two serotonin modulators, such as zolmitriptan and tramadol, may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for serotonin syndrome during concomitant therapy.

Liều Lượng & Cách Dùng : Capsule - Oral - 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg
Tablet - Oral - 50 mg
Tablet, extended release - Oral - 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg
Tablet, orally disintegrating - Oral - 50 mg

Dữ Kiện Thương Mại

Giá thị trường

Biệt dược thương mại : Tramadol-Acetaminophen 37.5-325 mg tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >1.07

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram 50 mg tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >1.99

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : TraMADol HCl 100 mg 24 Hour tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >3.78

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram er 100 mg tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >4.44

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram ER 100 mg 24 Hour tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >4.62

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : TraMADol HCl 200 mg 24 Hour tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >6.25

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram er 200 mg tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >7.35

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram ER 200 mg 24 Hour tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >7.64

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram er 300 mg tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >10.25

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Ultram ER 300 mg 24 Hour tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >10.66

Đơn vị tính : tablet
Biệt dược thương mại : Tramadol hcl powder

Giá bán buôn : USD >29.08

Đơn vị tính : g
Biệt dược thương mại : Tramadol hcl 50 mg tablet

Giá bán buôn : USD >0.7

Đơn vị tính : tablet

Nhà Sản Xuất

Công ty :

Sản phẩm biệt dược : ConZip
Công ty :

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Durela
Công ty : Biovail

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Ralivia
Công ty :

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Rybix
Công ty :

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Ryzolt
Công ty : Grünenthal GmbH

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Tramal
Công ty :

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Tridural
Công ty : Janssen Pharmaceuticals

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Ultram
Công ty :

Sản phẩm biệt dược : Zytram XL

Đóng gói

Công ty : 4uOrtho LLC

Website : http://www.4udr.com
Công ty : Able Laboratories Inc.

Website : http://www.ablelabs.com
Công ty : Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
Công ty : Alphapharm Party Ltd.

Website : http://www.alphapharm.com.au
Công ty : Altura Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.alturapharma.com
Công ty : Amerisource Health Services Corp.

Website : http://www.amerisourcebergen.com
Công ty : Amneal Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.amneal.com
Công ty : Apotex Inc.

Website : http://www.apotex.com
Công ty : Apotheca Inc.
Công ty : A-S Medication Solutions LLC

Website : http://orders.a-smeds.com
Công ty : Atlantic Biologicals Corporation

Website : http://www.atlanticbiologicals.com
Công ty : BC Vision Inc.
Công ty : Biovail Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.biovail.com
Công ty : Blenheim Pharmacal

Website : http://www.bpipack.com
Công ty : Bryant Ranch Prepack

Website : http://bryantranchprepack.com
Công ty : Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs

Website : http://www.caraco.com
Công ty : Cardinal Health

Website : http://www.cardinal.com
Công ty : Concern Stirol

Website : http://www.stirol.net
Công ty : Confab Laboratories Inc.

Website : http://www.confab.ca
Công ty : Corepharma LLC

Website : http://www.corepharma.com
Công ty : Coupler Enterprises Inc.
Công ty : D.M. Graham Laboratories Inc.
Công ty : Deca Pharmaceuticals LLC

Website : http://www.decapharma.com
Công ty : DHHS Program Support Center Supply Service Center
Công ty : Direct Dispensing Inc.
Công ty : DispenseXpress Inc.
Công ty : Dispensing Solutions

Website : http://www.drxdispensing.com
Công ty : Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.

Website : http://www.dhscorp.com
Công ty : Eon Labs
Công ty : Fusion Pharmaceuticals LLC
Công ty : H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.

Website : http://hjharkinscompanyinc.com
Công ty : Heartland Repack Services LLC
Công ty : Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.

Website : http://www.innoviantpharmacy.com
Công ty : Ivax Pharmaceuticals
Công ty : Janssen-Ortho Inc.

Website : http://www.janssen-ortho.com
Công ty : Kali Laboratories Inc.
Công ty : Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.keltman.com
Công ty : Labopharm Inc.

Website : http://www.labopharm.com
Công ty : Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
Công ty : Liberty Pharmaceuticals
Công ty : Major Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.majorpharmaceuticals.com
Công ty : Mallinckrodt Inc.

Website : http://www.mallinckrodt.com
Công ty : McNeil Laboratories
Công ty : Medisca Inc.

Website : http://www.medisca.com
Công ty : Medvantx Inc.

Website : http://www.medvantx.com
Công ty : Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply

Website : http://www.unitdosesupply.com
Công ty : Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
Công ty : Mylan

Website : http://www.mylan.com
Công ty : Novopharm Ltd.
Công ty : Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.nucarerx.com
Công ty : Ortho Mcneil Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.

Website : http://www.ortho-mcneil.com
Công ty : Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.ortho-mcneil.com
Công ty : Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.palmettopharm.com
Công ty : Par Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.parpharm.com
Công ty : Patriot Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.patriotpharmaceuticals.com
Công ty : PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.pdrx.com
Công ty : Physicians Total Care Inc.

Website : http://www.physicianstotalcare.com
Công ty : Piramal Healthcare

Website : http://www.piramalpharmasolutions.com
Công ty : Pliva Inc.

Website : http://www.pliva.com
Công ty : Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Website : http://www.preferredpharmaceuticals.com
Công ty : Prepackage Specialists
Công ty : Prepak Systems Inc.

Website : http://www.prepaksys.com
Công ty : Prescription Dispensing Service Inc.
Công ty : Purdue Pharma LP

Website : http://www.purduepharma.com
Công ty : Rebel Distributors Corp.

Website : http://www.rebelrx.com
Công ty : Redpharm Drug
Công ty : Remedy Repack

Website : http://www.remedyrepack.com
Công ty : Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
Công ty : Ropack Inc.

Website : http://www.ropack.com
Công ty : Sandhills Packaging Inc.

Website : http://www.sandhillspackaging.com
Công ty : Southwood Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.southwoodhealthcare.com
Công ty : St Mary's Medical Park Pharmacy
Công ty : Stat Rx Usa

Website : http://statrxusa.exporterus.com
Công ty : Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Website : http://www.tevapharm.com
Công ty : Torpharm Inc.
Công ty : Trinity Laboratories Inc.

Website : http://www.trinitylab.us
Công ty : UDL Laboratories

Website : http://www.udllabs.com
Công ty : United Research Laboratories Inc.

Website : http://www.urlpharma.com
Công ty : Va Cmop Dallas
Công ty : Vangard Labs Inc.
Công ty : Watson Pharmaceuticals

Website : http://www.watson.com

Tài Liệu Tham Khảo Thêm

drugbank

http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00193

PubChem Compound

http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=33741

PubChem Substance

http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=46506256

KEGG Compound

http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C07153

KEGG Drug

http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?drug:D08623

ChemSpider

http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.31105.html

BindingDB

http://www.bindingdb.org/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=50176262

National Drug Code Directory

http://www.hipaaspace.com/Medical_Billing/Coding/National.Drug.Codes/PDF/0045-0659-60

PharmGKB

http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA451735

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol

RxList

http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/tramadol.htm

Drugs.com

http://www.drugs.com/tramadol.html

Bạn thấy hài lòng ?

Bạn chưa hài lòng ?

... loading