Tìm theo
Clarithromycin
Các tên gọi khác (8 ) :
  • 6-O-methyl erythromycin
  • 6-O-Methylerythromycin
  • 6-O-Methylerythromycin a
  • CLA
  • CLARITHROMYCIN
  • Clarithromycina
  • Clarithromycine
  • Clarithromycinum
Thuốc trị ký sinh trùng, chống nhiễm khuẩn
Thuốc Gốc
Small Molecule
CAS: 81103-11-9
ATC: J01FA09
ĐG : Abbott Laboratories Ltd. , http://www.abbott.com
CTHH: C38H69NO13
PTK: 747.9534
Clarithromycin, a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin, inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the translation and protein assembly process. Clarithromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.
Nhận Dạng Quốc Tế & Đặc Tính Hóa Học
Công thức hóa học
C38H69NO13
Phân tử khối
747.9534
Monoisotopic mass
747.476891299
InChI
InChI=1S/C38H69NO13/c1-15-26-38(10,45)31(42)21(4)28(40)19(2)17-37(9,47-14)33(52-35-29(41)25(39(11)12)16-20(3)48-35)22(5)30(23(6)34(44)50-26)51-27-18-36(8,46-13)32(43)24(7)49-27/h19-27,29-33,35,41-43,45H,15-18H2,1-14H3/t19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26-,27+,29-,30+,31-,32+,33-,35+,36-,37-,38-/m1/s1
InChI Key
InChIKey=AGOYDEPGAOXOCK-KCBOHYOISA-N
IUPAC Name
(3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-4-{[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-7-methoxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione
Traditional IUPAC Name
clarithromycin
SMILES
[H][C@@]1(C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1)O[C@H]1[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@]2([H])O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@@](C)(C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@](C)(O)[C@@H](CC)OC(=O)[C@@H]1C)OC
Độ tan chảy
220 dec °C
Độ hòa tan
0.33 mg/L
logP
3.16
logS
-3.5
pKa (strongest acidic)
12.46
pKa (Strongest Basic)
8.38
PSA
182.91 Å2
Refractivity
190.79 m3·mol-1
Polarizability
82.03 Å3
Rotatable Bond Count
8
H Bond Acceptor Count
13
H Bond Donor Count
4
Physiological Charge
1
Number of Rings
3
Bioavailability
0
MDDR-Like Rule
true
pKa
8.99 (at 25 °C)
Dược Lực Học : Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic whose spectrum of activity includes many gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes) and gram-negative aerobic bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis), many anaerobic bacteria, some mycobacteria, and some other organisms including Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Toxoplasma, and Borrelia. Other aerobic bacteria that clarithromycin has activity against include C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae. Clarithromycin has an in-vitro activity that is similar or greater than that of erythromycin against erythromycin-susceptible organisms. Clarithromycin is usually bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal depending on the organism and the drug concentration.
Cơ Chế Tác Dụng : Clarithromycin, a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin, inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the translation and protein assembly process. Clarithromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration. Clarithromycin is first metabolized to 14-OH clarithromycin, which is active and works synergistically with its parent compound. Like other macrolides, it then penetrates bacteria cell wall and reversibly binds to domain V of the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, blocking translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and polypeptide synthesis. Clarithromycin also inhibits the hepatic microsomal CYP3A4 isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump.
Dược Động Học :
▧ Absorption :
Clarithromycin is well-absorbed, acid stable and may be taken with food.
▧ Protein binding :
~ 70% protein bound
▧ Metabolism :
Hepatic - predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4 resulting in numerous drug interactions.
▧ Route of Elimination :
After a 250 mg tablet every 12 hours, approximately 20% of the dose is excreted in the urine as clarithromycin, while after a 500 mg tablet every 12 hours, the urinary excretion of clarithromycin is somewhat greater, approximately 30%.
▧ Half Life :
3-4 hours
Độc Tính : Symptoms of toxicity include diarrhea, nausea, abnormal taste, dyspepsia, and abdominal discomfort. Transient hearing loss with high doses has been observed. Pseudomembraneous colitis has been reported with clarithromycin use. Allergic reactions ranging from urticaria and mild skin eruptions to rare cases of anaphylaxis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have also occurred. Rare cases of severe hepatic dysfunctions also have been reported. Hepatic failure is usually reversible, but fatalities have been reported. Clarithromycin may also cause tooth decolouration which may be removed by dental cleaning. Fetal abnormalities, such as cardiovascular defects, cleft palate and fetal growth retardation, have been observed in animals. Clarithromycin may cause QT prolongation.
Chỉ Định : An alternative medication for the treatment of acute otitis media caused by H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae in patients with a history of type I penicillin hypersensitivity. Also for the treatment of pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as respiratory tract infections including acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, mild to moderate community-acquired pneuomia, Legionnaires' disease, and pertussis. Other indications include treatment of uncomplicated skin or skin structure infections, helicobacter pylori infection, duodenal ulcer disease, bartonella infections, early Lyme disease, and encephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (in HIV infected patients in conjunction with pyrimethamine). Clarithromycin may also decrease the incidence of cryptosporidiosis, prevent the occurence of α-hemolytic (viridans group) streptococcal endocarditis, as well as serve as a primary prevention for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia or disseminated infections (in adults, adolescents, and children with advanced HIV infection).
Tương Tác Thuốc :
  • Abiraterone Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of abiraterone. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
  • Acenocoumarol The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
  • Alprazolam The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, alprazolam.
  • Alvimopan Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
  • Aminophylline Clarithromycin may increase the effect amd toxicity of aminophylline.
  • Amiodarone Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Anisindione The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
  • Aprepitant The CYP3A4 inhibitor, clarithromycin, may increase the effect and toxicity of aprepitant.
  • Artemether Additive QTc-prolongation may occur. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
  • Astemizole Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Atazanavir Atazanavir may increase serum level of clarithromycin.
  • Atorvastatin The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the toxicity of the statin, atorvastatin.
  • Bretylium Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Bromazepam Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of bromazepam by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of bromazepam if clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed. Dosage adjustments may be required.
  • Buspirone Clarithromycin may increase the effect and toxicity of buspirone.
  • Cabazitaxel Concomitant therapy with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor may increase concentrations of cabazitaxel. Avoid concomitant therapy.
  • Carbamazepine Clarithromycin may decrease the metabolism of carbamazepine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic or adverse effects of carbamazepine if clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Cerivastatin The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the toxicity of the statin, cerivastatin.
  • Cisapride Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Citalopram Possible serotoninergic syndrome with this combination
  • Colchicine Severe colchicine toxicity can occur
  • Cyclosporine The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of cyclosporine.
  • Dabrafenib Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of dabrafenib. Consider alternate therapy.
  • Dantrolene Clarithromycin may increase the serum concentration of dantrolene by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of dantrolene if clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Darifenacin This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor slows darifenacin/solifenacin metabolism
  • Darunavir Increased levels of clarithromycin
  • Diazepam The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, diazepam.
  • Dicoumarol The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
  • Digoxin The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of digoxin in 10% of patients.
  • Dihydroergotamine Risk of ergotism and severe ischemia with this association
  • Disopyramide Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Dofetilide Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Dronedarone Clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor in which concomitant use with dronedarone will significantly increase its exposure. Avoid concomitant use.
  • Dyphylline Increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
  • Efavirenz Efavirenz decreases levels of clarithromycin
  • Eletriptan The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect and toxicity of eletriptan.
  • Eplerenone The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect and toxicity of eplerenone.
  • Ergotamine Risk of ergotism and severe ischemia with this association
  • Erlotinib This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases levels/toxicity of erlotinib
  • Etravirine Clarithromycin (and other macrolide antibiotics), when used concomitantly with etravirine, may experience a decrease in serum concentration. It is recommended to use alternative antibiotic agents if available. If concurrent therapy cannot be avoided, monitor for reduced effectiveness of clarithromycin.
  • Everolimus The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the serum concentration and toxicity of everolimus.
  • Fluoxetine Possible serotoninergic syndrome with this combination
  • Fosphenytoin Clarithromycin may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of fosphenytoin.
  • Gefitinib This CYP3A4 inhibitor increases levels/toxicity of gefitinib
  • Iloperidone Clarithromycin is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that increases serum concentration of iloperidone. Reduce dose of iloperidone by 50%
  • Imatinib The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the serum concentration of imatinib.
  • Indinavir Indinavir may decrease the effectiveness of clarithromycin by decreasing the formatin of the active metabolite, 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin. Clarithromycin may increase the serum concentration of indinavir. Indinavir may increase the serum concentration of clarithromycin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor the efficacy and adverse effects of both agents more closely during concomitant therapy.
  • Itraconazole The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect and toxicity of itraconazole.
  • Ivacaftor Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of ivacaftor. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
  • Lovastatin The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the toxicity of the statin, lovastatin.
  • Lurasidone Concomitant therapy with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor will increase level or effect of lurasidone. Coadministration with lurasidone is contraindicated.
  • Methylprednisolone The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of corticosteroid, methylprednisolone.
  • Methysergide Risk of ergotism and severe ischemia with this association
  • Midazolam The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, midazolam.
  • Oxtriphylline Clarithromycin may increase the effect and toxicity of oxtriphylline.
  • Pazopanib Clarithromycin is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 thus increasing exposure of pazopanib.
  • Phenytoin Clarithromycin may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of phenytoin.
  • Pimozide Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Ponatinib Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of ponatinib. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
  • Quetiapine The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect and toxicity of quetiapine.
  • Quinidine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Quinidine barbiturate Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Quinupristin This combination presents an increased risk of toxicity
  • Ranolazine Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum level of ranolazine. Concomitant therapy is contraindicated.
  • Regorafenib Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of regorafenib.
  • Repaglinide Clarithromycin may increase the effect of repaglinide.
  • Rifabutin The rifamycin, rifabutin, may decrease the effect of the macrolide, clarithromycin.
  • Rifampicin The rifamycin, rifampin, may decrease the effect of the macrolide, clarithromycin.
  • Saxagliptin Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 which increases exposure of saxagliptin. Decrease dose of saxagliptin to 2.5 mg per day.
  • Sertraline Possible serotoninergic syndrome with this combination
  • Sildenafil Increases the effect and toxicity of sildenafil
  • Simvastatin The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the toxicity of the statin, simvastatin.
  • Sirolimus The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the serum concentration of sirolimus.
  • Solifenacin This potent CYP3A4 inhibitor slows darifenacin/solifenacin metabolism
  • Sotalol Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Sunitinib Possible increase in sunitinib levels
  • Tacrolimus Additive QTc-prolongation may occur increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy should be used with caution. The macrolide antibiotic, Clarithromycin, may also increase the blood concentration of Tacrolimus.
  • Tadalafil Clarithromycin may reduce the metabolism of Tadalafil. Concomitant therapy should be avoided if possible due to high risk of Tadalafil toxicity.
  • Tamoxifen Clarithromycin may increase the serum concentration of Tamoxifen by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for increased adverse/toxic effects of Tamoxifen.
  • Tamsulosin Clarithromycin, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tamsulosin, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in therapeutic/adverse effects of Tamsulosin if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued, or dose changed.
  • Telithromycin Co-administration may result in altered plasma concentrations of Clarithromycin and/or Telithromycin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor the therapeutic/adverse effects of both agents.
  • Temsirolimus Clarithromycin may inhibit the metabolism and clearance of Temsirolimus. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
  • Teniposide The strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, Clarithromycin, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Teniposide, a CYP3A4 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Teniposide if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Terfenadine Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
  • Theophylline Clarithromycin may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of theophylline.
  • Thiothixene May cause additive QTc-prolonging effects. Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Consider alternate therapy. Thorough risk:benefit assessment is required prior to co-administration.
  • Tiagabine The strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, Clarithromycin, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tiagabine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Tiagabine if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Tipranavir The concentrations of Tipranavir and Clarithromycin increase during concomitant therapy. Dose adjustments are required for patients with renal impairment.
  • Tolterodine Clarithromycin may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Tolterodine. Adjust Tolterodine dose and monitor for efficacy and toxicity.
  • Tolvaptan Clarithromycin is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and will increase serum concentrations of tolvaptan.
  • Topotecan The p-glycoprotein inhibitor, Clarithromycin, may increase the bioavailability of oral Topotecan. A clinically significant effect is also expected with IV Topotecan. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
  • Toremifene Additive QTc-prolongation may occur, increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Consider alternate therapy. A thorough risk:benefit assessment is required prior to co-administration.
  • Tramadol Clarithromycin may increase Tramadol toxicity by decreasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
  • Trazodone The CYP3A4 inhibitor, Clarithromycin, may increase Trazodone efficacy/toxicity by decreasing Trazodone metabolism and clearance. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trazodone efficacy/toxicity if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Triazolam The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, triazolam.
  • Trimipramine Additive QTc-prolongation may occur, increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may also decrease the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Concomitant therapy should be used with caution.
  • Valproic Acid The macrolide antibiotic, Erythromycin, may increase the serum concentratin of Valproic acid. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Valproic acid therapeutic and adverse effects if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Vardenafil Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may reduce the metabolism and clearance of Vardenafil. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of Vardenafil.
  • Vemurafenib Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase levels of vemurafenib. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
  • Venlafaxine Clarithromycin, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Venlafaxine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in therapeutic/adverse effects of Venlafaxine if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued, or dose changed.
  • Verapamil Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of Veramapil, a CYP3A4 substrate, by decreasing its metabolism and clearance. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Verapamil if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Vilazodone CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Vilazodone. imit maximum adult vilazodone dose to 20 mg/day in patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors.
  • Vinblastine Clarithromycin, a CYP3A4 and p-glycoprotein inhibitor, may increase the Vinblastine serum concentration and distribution in certain cells. Consider alternate therapy to avoid Vinblastine toxicity. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Vinblastine if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Vincristine Clarithromycin, a CYP3A4 and p-glycoprotein inhibitor, may increase the Vincristine serum concentration and distribution in certain cells. Consider alternate therapy to avoid Vincristine toxicity. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of Vincristine if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Vinorelbine Clarithromycin, a CYP3A4 and p-glycoprotein inhibitor, may increase the Vinorelbine serum concentration and distribution in certain cells. Consider alternate therapy to avoid Vinorelbine toxicity. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of Vinorelbine if Clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Vismodegib P-glycoprotein inhibitors may increase the chance of adverse drug reactions.
  • Voriconazole Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of clarithromycin by decreasing its metabolism. Clarithromycin may increase the serum concentration of voriconazole by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for QTc prolongation and changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of both agents if concomitant therapy is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Vorinostat Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
  • Warfarin The macrolide, clarithromycin, may increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
  • Zidovudine Clarithromycin may decrease the serum concentration of zidovudine. Increased myelosuppression in mice has been observed. Consider staggering doses during concomitant therapy and closely monitor response to zidovudine therapy.
  • Ziprasidone Additive QTc-prolonging effects may increase the risk of severe arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy is contraindicated.
  • Zolpidem Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of zolpidem by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of zolpidem if clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Zonisamide Clarithromcyin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of zonisamide by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of zonisamide if clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Zopiclone Clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of zopiclone by decreasing its metabolism. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of zopiclone if clarithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
  • Zuclopenthixol Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or use caution and monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Liều Lượng & Cách Dùng : Tablet - Oral
Tablet, extended release - Oral
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