Tìm theo
Nicotine
Các tên gọi khác (7 ) :
  • (+-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine
  • (+-)-Nicotine
  • (±)-nicotine
  • (R,S)-nicotine
  • (RS)-nicotine
  • Nicotin
  • Nikotin
ganglionic stimulants, nicotinic agonists, appetite depressants, autonomic agents
Thuốc Gốc
Small Molecule
CAS: 54-11-5
ATC: N07BA01, A11HA01, C04AC01, C10AD02
ĐG : Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Inc. , http://www.avevadds.com
CTHH: C10H14N2
PTK: 162.2316
Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [PubChem]
Nhận Dạng Quốc Tế & Đặc Tính Hóa Học
Công thức hóa học
C10H14N2
Phân tử khối
162.2316
Monoisotopic mass
162.115698458
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H14N2/c1-12-7-3-5-10(12)9-4-2-6-11-8-9/h2,4,6,8,10H,3,5,7H2,1H3
InChI Key
InChIKey=SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IUPAC Name
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
Traditional IUPAC Name
nicotine
SMILES
CN1CCCC1C1=CN=CC=C1
Độ tan chảy
-79 °C
Độ sôi
247 °C
Độ hòa tan
1E+006 mg/L
logP
1.17
logS
0.79
pKa (Strongest Basic)
8.86
PSA
16.13 Å2
Refractivity
49.66 m3·mol-1
Polarizability
18.62 Å3
Rotatable Bond Count
1
H Bond Acceptor Count
2
H Bond Donor Count
0
Physiological Charge
1
Number of Rings
2
Bioavailability
1
Rule of Five
true
Ghose Filter
true
caco2 Permeability
-4.71
pKa
3.1
Dược Lực Học : Nicotine, the primary alkaloid in tobacco products binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors on autonomic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junctions and in the brain. Nicotine exerts two effects, a stimulant effect exerted at the locus ceruleus and a reward effect in the limbic system. Itranvenous administration of nicotine causes release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonine, vasopressin, beta-endorphin and ACTH. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance. Nicotine also induces peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia and elevated blood pressure. Nicotine inhalers and patches are used to treat smoking withdrawl syndrome. Nicotine is classified as a stimulant of autonomic ganglia.
Cơ Chế Tác Dụng : Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [PubChem] Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed up of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the cortico-limbic pathways. This causes the channel to open and allow conductance of multiple cations including sodium, calcium, and potassium. This leads to depolarization, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and allows more calcium to enter the axon terminal. Calcium stimulates vesicle trafficking towards the plasma membrane and the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine binding to its receptors is responsible the euphoric and addictive properties of nicotine. Nicotine also binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Binding opens the ion channel allowing influx of sodium, causing depolarization of the cell, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the release of epinephrine from intracellular vesicles into the bloodstream, which causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased blood sugar.
Dược Động Học :
▧ Absorption :
Absorption of nicotine through the buccal mucosa is relatively slow and the high and rapid rise followed by the decline in nicotine arterial plasma concentrations seen with cigarette smoking are not achieved with the inhaler. About 10% of absorbed nicotine is excreted unchanged in urine.
▧ Volume of Distribution :
* 2 to 3 L/kg
▧ Protein binding :
Less than 5%
▧ Metabolism :
Primarily hepatic, cotinine is the primary metabolite.
▧ Route of Elimination :
About 10% of the nicotine absorbed is excreted unchanged in the urine.
▧ Half Life :
Cotinine has a half life of 15-20 hours, while nicotine has a half life of 1-3 hours
▧ Clearance :
* 1.2 L/min [healthy adult smoker]
Độc Tính : Symptoms of overdose include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, flushing, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, confusion, weakness, palpitations, altered respiration and hypotension. LD50= 24 mg/kg (orally in mice).
Chỉ Định : For the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and as an aid to smoking cessation.
Liều Lượng & Cách Dùng : Capsule - Oral
Capsule, extended release - Oral
Disc - Transdermal
Drug delivery system - Respiratory (inhalation)
Gum - Oral
Liquid - Intramuscular
Liquid - Oral
Patch - Transdermal
Powder - Oral
Solution - Intramuscular
Solution / drops - Oral
Tablet - Oral
Tablet, extended release - Oral
Dữ Kiện Thương Mại
Giá thị trường
Nhà Sản Xuất
  • Công ty :
    Sản phẩm biệt dược : Habitrol
  • Công ty :
    Sản phẩm biệt dược : Nicoderm
  • Công ty :
    Sản phẩm biệt dược : Nicoderm CQ
  • Công ty :
    Sản phẩm biệt dược : Nicorette
  • Công ty :
    Sản phẩm biệt dược : Nicotrol
Đóng gói
Tài Liệu Tham Khảo Thêm
drugbank
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00184
PubChem Compound
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=942
PubChem Substance
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=46506924
KEGG Compound
http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C00745
KEGG Drug
http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?drug:D03365
ChemSpider
http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.917.html
National Drug Code Directory
http://www.hipaaspace.com/Medical_Billing/Coding/National.Drug.Codes/PDF/0009-5400-01
PharmGKB
http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA450626
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine
RxList
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/nicotini.htm
PDRhealth
http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/nic1292.shtml
Drugs.com
http://www.drugs.com/nicotine.html
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