Tìm theo
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
Các tên gọi khác (10 ) :
  • 3-carboxypropoxy acid
  • 4-hydroxy-butyric acid
  • 4-hydroxybutanoate
  • 4-hydroxybutanoic acid
  • 4-Hydroxybutyric acid
  • gamma-Hydroxybutyrate
  • gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
  • GHB
  • oxy-n-butyric acid
  • γ-Hydroxybutyric acid
Thuốc Gốc
Small Molecule
CAS: 591-81-1
ATC: N01AX11, N07XX04
ĐG : DSM Corp. , http://www.dsm.com
CTHH: C4H7O3
PTK: 103.0966
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a designated Orphan drug (in 1985). Today Xyrem is a Schedule III drug; however GHB remains a Schedule I drug and the illicit use of Xyrem falls under penalties of Schedule I. GHB is a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits and almost all other living creatures in small amounts. It is used illegally under the street names Juice, Liquid Ecstasy or simply G, either as an intoxicant, or as a date rape drug. Xyrem is a central nervous system depressant that reduces excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy.
Nhận Dạng Quốc Tế & Đặc Tính Hóa Học
Công thức hóa học
C4H7O3
Phân tử khối
103.0966
Monoisotopic mass
103.03951909
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7)/p-1
InChI Key
InChIKey=SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
IUPAC Name
4-hydroxybutanoate
Traditional IUPAC Name
gamma hydroxybutyric acid
SMILES
OCCCC([O-])=O
Độ hòa tan
7.11e+02 g/l
logP
-0.51
logS
0.77
pKa (strongest acidic)
4.44
pKa (Strongest Basic)
-2.4
PSA
60.36 Å2
Refractivity
34.64 m3·mol-1
Polarizability
9.73 Å3
Rotatable Bond Count
3
H Bond Acceptor Count
3
H Bond Donor Count
1
Physiological Charge
-1
Number of Rings
0
Bioavailability
1
Rule of Five
true
Dược Lực Học : GHB has at least two distinct binding sites in the central nervous system. GHB is an agonist at the newly-characterized GHB receptor, which is excitatory, and it is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor, which is inhibitory. GHB is a naturally-occurring substance that acts in a similar fashion to some neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. GHB is probably synthesized from GABA in GABAergic neurons, and released when the neurons fire.
Cơ Chế Tác Dụng : Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a designated Orphan drug (in 1985). Today Xyrem is a Schedule III drug; however GHB remains a Schedule I drug and the illicit use of Xyrem falls under penalties of Schedule I. GHB is a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits and almost all other living creatures in small amounts. It is used illegally under the street names Juice, Liquid Ecstasy or simply G, either as an intoxicant, or as a date rape drug. Xyrem is a central nervous system depressant that reduces excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. GHB reaches much higher concentrations in the brain and activates GABAB receptors, which are primarily responsible for its sedative effects. GHB receptors are densely expressed in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, and these are the receptors that GHB displays the highest affinity for. There has been somewhat limited research into the GHB receptor; however, there is evidence that activation of the GHB receptor in some brain areas results in the release of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter. Activation of both the GHB receptor and GABA(B) is responsible for the addictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic,[19] low concentrations stimulate dopamine release via the GHB receptor.[20] Higher concentrations inhibit dopamine release via GABA(B) receptors as do other GABA(B) agonists such as baclofen and phenibut.[21] After an initial phase of inhibition, dopamine release is then increased via the GHB receptor. This explains the paradoxical mix of sedative and stimulatory properties of GHB, as well as the so-called "rebound" effect, experienced by individuals using GHB as a sleeping agent, wherein they awake suddenly after several hours of GHB-induced deep sleep. That is to say that, over time, the concentration of GHB in the system decreases below the threshold for significant GABAB receptor activation and activates predominantly the GHB receptor, leading to wakefulness.
Dược Động Học :

▧ Volume of Distribution :
* 190 to 384 mL/kg
▧ Route of Elimination :
Animal studies indicate that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for sodium oxybate, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Fecal and renal excretion is negligible. 5% renal elimination.
▧ Half Life :
30 to 60 minutes
▧ Clearance :
* apparent oral cl=9.1 mL/min/kg [healthy adults receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg] * 4.5 mL/min/kg [cirrhotic patients without ascites receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg] * 4.1 mL/min/kg [cirrhotic patients with ascites receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg]
Độc Tính : At higher doses, GHB may induce nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, agitation, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness, and death.
Chỉ Định : Used as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance.
Dữ Kiện Thương Mại
Giá thị trường
Nhà Sản Xuất
  • Công ty :
    Sản phẩm biệt dược : Xyrem
Đóng gói
Tài Liệu Tham Khảo Thêm
drugbank
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01440
PubChem Compound
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=3037032
PubChem Substance
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=46507548
KEGG Compound
http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C00989
ChemSpider
http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2300886.html
National Drug Code Directory
http://www.hipaaspace.com/Medical_Billing/Coding/National.Drug.Codes/PDF/68727-100-01
PharmGKB
http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA10819
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid
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